Most Common Congenital Heart Defects Across Age Groups
Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) — openings between the lower chambers of the heart — are the most commonly diagnosed structural congenital heart defect, occurring in approximately 2–3 per 1,000 live births. Atrial septal defects (openings between the upper chambers), patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary valve stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta are also among the most frequently encountered. Many small VSDs and ASDs close spontaneously during infancy and early childhood and require no intervention. Larger defects, or those associated with hemodynamic burden on the heart or lungs, typically require catheter-based closure or surgical repair to prevent long-term complications.
Bicuspid Aortic Valve: The Most Common in Adults
In adults specifically, bicuspid aortic valve — in which the aortic valve has two leaflets instead of three — is the most common congenital heart defect, affecting approximately 1–2% of the population. Bicuspid aortic valve may remain asymptomatic for decades before causing clinically significant aortic stenosis, regurgitation, or aortic root or ascending aortic dilation. Because bicuspid aortic valve is often discovered incidentally, many affected adults do not realize they have a congenital heart condition. Lifelong monitoring by a cardiologist with expertise in congenital heart disease is recommended to determine the timing of intervention and to screen for associated aortic complications.
Reviewed by Dr. Pradeepkumar Charla, MD, MBA, FAAP, FACC
Pediatric & Adult Congenital Cardiologist — Congenital Heart Compass Medical PLLC
Last reviewed:
Medical disclaimer: This content is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for individualized medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified cardiologist for decisions about your congenital heart disease care.